Archive for April 2010
Porsche Waiting for Eu’s Court Legal Opinion
April 30, 2010
Porsche AG’s decision on raising its stakes in Volkswagen AG, Europe’s largest carmaker and brand of popular auto parts like Volkswagen head gasket, will depend on the advisory opinion that will be released next week by the European Union’s highest court. The opinion on the legality of the so-called Volkswagen law which protects the automaker from possible takeovers and limits the voting rights of shareholders to 20% regardless of the size of their stake will be published on February 13, 2007.
The European Court of Justice in Luxembourg which in most cases follows its advocates-generals’ advice is expected to rule in the next six months. Porsche, which is to date the largest shareholder in Volkswagen with 27.4% stake and soon to increase to 29.9% upon the approval of the board, would like to be given more privileges especially with regards to Volkswagen’s management.
In the year 1960 there was a decision passed against the so-called Volkswagen’s law which would have given Porsche the decisive vote in Volkswagen’s management decision and signals a possible takeover move by the automaker stated Stephen Pope, the head of equity research at Cantor Fitzgerald Europe in London. He also added, “The time has now come where Volkswagen law has to be curtailed in line with 21st century market economics. Porsche is on the cusp of where it has 30% and this will clear the way toward a full acquisition.”
Lower-Saxony is where Wolfsburg-based Volkswagen and four of its factories are based and the automaker’s second largest shareholder with a stake of about 20%. The Volkswagen law allows any investor with a 20% stake veto powers over major decisions such as those that concerns factory closing and capital increases.
It should be noted that during the December 12, 2006 hearing, the European Commission, EU’s Brussels-based regulator in a court hearing, restricts the free movement of capital, comparing the law to special holdings, or “golden shares” that some countries hold in former state monopolies. The court has agreed with the regulator in such cases in the past and even forced countries like France, UK and Spain to give up these powers.
Last year the German government told the EU court that the law just can’t be labeled discriminatory simply because an investor is given a limited 20% minority right. The supervisory board of Porsche maker of the remarkable 911 Carrera, has approved increasing its stake in Volkswagen to 29.9% as of last November 15, 2006. A month after, Porsche CEO Wendelin Wiedeking has told reporters that there were no immediate plans for a complete takeover of Volkswagen but its not ruling out the possibility of an eventual offer.
Porsche wants the Volkswagen Law overturned since it gives the government a significant influence on the management of Europe’s largest automaker and hinders the shareholder’s own voting power to reflect its stakes. And according to Porsche Spokesman Frank Gaube, “The Volkswagen law is an anachronism.” The case is C-112/05 Commission v Germany.
Natalie Anderson
http://www.articlesbase.com/automotive-articles/porsche-waiting-for-eus-court-legal-opinion-102143.html
Vedic Astrology Vi
April 30, 2010
Vedic Astrology Lesson 6
In higher states of Consciousness, many philosophic verities were cognised by the Sages which gave birth to the sciences called Astrology, Numerology,Yoga & Vedanta. All sciences study Being. Physics is the science of Being as Matter, as Energy. Chemistry is the science of Being as Qualities.
Mathematics is the Science of Being as Numbers. Biology, the science of Being as Life. But the philosophia prima ( Vedanta ) is the Science of Being as Being, in its pure state. While the Science of Being ( Vedanta ) & the Art of Living ( Yoga ) dominated the six main sciences, the six auxiliary sciences were dominated by the Science of Being as Time ( Astrology ).
The Law of Corresondences – Western and Eastern Views
In the Occident, the divine Hermes Trismegistus spelt out the Law of Correspondences saying ” That which is on high is that which is on below, that which is on below is that which is on high, in order that the miracle of Unity may be perpetual “.
In the Orient, Aurobindo averred ” The mystery of the lotus cannot be deciphered by analysing the mud below, but by analysing the heavenly archetype of the lotus that blooms forever in the heavens above”.
The role of Jupiter in Horoscopy
The biggest planet in the solar system, Jupiter is considered to be one of the most important planets. 1300 earths can be fit into Jupiter. He is the indicator of Divine Grace and if he be benign, the entire horoscope is considered benign. On the other hand , if he be weak, the horoscope loses its intrinsic strength.
Jupiterian Effects in the 12 Houses
Jupiter in the Ascendant
Jove in the Ascendant makes one scholary, beatuiful, jovial. Jovian influence on the First House endows one with majestic appearance, magnetic personality, learning and wisdom. High longevity is conferred by Jovian presence in the First. Scholarship will grace in no uncertain measure. Will be respected by the multitude. Will be handsome and will have a high discriminative intellect.
Jupiter in the Second House
In the second Jove bestows poetic faculites, handsomeness, wealth and fame. Will have the gift of the gab or the divine gift of articulate speech. Will speak beautifully. Will have scholarship and learning.
The wisdom planet in the house of speech makes one scholarly.
Jupiter in the Third House
Jove in the 3rd makes one miserly and not an altruist. Will have to face many a defeat. Will have bad relations with brothers and sisters.
Will be the subject of ridicule. Will have stomach problems.
Jupiter in the Fourth House
Jovian tenancy of the fourth makes one hedonistic with a lot of friendsand relatives. Will be fortunate with respect to house. Your fame will cross the seas and spread all over the land. Will be of adamantine nature. Will enjoy all the comforts of life.
Jupiter in the Fifth House
High intelligence is conferred by the position of Jupiter in the fifth. Wealth will grace you in no uncertain measure. May be worried due to children. Will be versatile. Jupiter in one of the moral triangles can make one highly moral and spiritual.
Jupiter in the Sixth House
Jove in the sixth is the destroyer of enemies. Will be lazy and physically weak. May resort to occult rites.
Jupiter in the Seventh House
Will be equivalent to a king as the royal planet of Wisdom becomes posited in a quadrant. Will destroy a lakh of afflictions. Will have high communication ability. Scholarly, a lover of poetry, handsome, will be more liberal than the father, famous with good life-partner and children- these are the effects of a benign Jove in the seventh.
Jupiter in the Eighth House
This adverse postion of Jupiter makes one dependent on others, will do sinful acts, will have high longevity, will be well liked by all, will do jobs on behalf of others, will be highly determined & will be interested in base women.
Jupiter in the Ninth House
Jovian tenancy of the Ninth makes one highly spiritual. Will have devotion to preceptors, will be scholarly and well informed, will be of ministerial cadre, will be famous & will be highly moral and ethical.
Jupiter in the Tenth House
This benign position of Jupiter makes one well off in life. Will be equivalent to a lord, will be famous with comforts, vehicles and children, will be virtuous, scholarly and fortunate.
Jupiter in the Eleventh House
Jupiter well posited in the eleventh makes one highly determined, scholarly with good longevity, with multiple streams of income, famous and with a lot of conveyances.
Jupiter in the Twelfth House
In the adverse 12th, Jupiter makes one devoid of happiness, sons & fortune Earlier wealth gets destroyed. Will be lacking in funds most of the time. Will be lazy and will lack proper education. Will be ridiculed by many. Will have dubious character.
More quality information about Vedic Astrology & an Astrological
Analysis can be had from http://www.astrologiavedica.com/html/vedichoroscope.htm
The Law of Epistemic Correlation
This Law states that all sciences are interrelated. We will examine what all other sciences are related to this Science of Destiny.
Astro_Numerology
To Pythagorus, the mystery of the Universe was symbolised by Numbers.
Every number has a particular vibration and certain numbers were found to be beneficial to human beings. This synthesis of Numerology and Astrology metamorphosed into the science of Astro-Numerology.
Astro-Gemology
According to Howard Beckman of the Planetary Gemologists Association (www.p-g-a.org), gems increase the transmission of Cosmic Colours radiated by the planets which is absorbed by our etheric or astral body. Thus the Colour Hunger of the etheric body is satiated resulting in the elimination of disease. This is the rationale of Gem Therapy. Dr Kapur in his book ” Gems and Astrology ” has recorded how he has successfully healed a Libra Ascendant patient by making him wear a Golden Topaz!
More information about Planetary Gemology & a FREE Gem Prescription
Report can be had from http://www.astrologiavedica.com/html/planetarygemology.htm
Astrology & Ayurvedic Therapy
Holistic Medicine ( Ayurveda ) is related to the science of the revolving heavens. Ayurvedic physicians of yore used the horoscope to diagnose disease. According to them the seven planets represented the seven gross elements ( dhatus). A weakly placed Saturn was responsible for arthritis and Jupiter for diabetes. Since the 12 signs from the Ascendant represented the 12 limbs of the human body by correspondence, they could discern which part of the body was afflicted by disease. Rahu in the sixth was found to cause gas trouble and ulceration since the sixth house represented the belly.
Astrology as related to Yoga.
Yoga is not a way of doing, it is a way of Being.
The aim of Yoga is Union with Cosmic Intelligence. The Self or the Divine Spark within us is experienced as Bliss. The aspirant by overcoming his negative aspect and uniting with his Higher Self can become one with the “Bliss for which the world’s derelict sorrows yearn”! As the Science of Time, Astrology can point out the barriers on the path of the aspirant, the impediments which block his progress and instruct him how to remove those barriers !
Article by G Kumar, Astrologer, writer & programmer of www.eastrovedica.com. Recently he was awarded a Certificate by the Planetary Gemologists Association Global ( www.p-g-a.org ) as a Planetary Gem Advisor. He has 25 years psychic research experience in the esoteric arts. To subscribe to his free informative Ezine, the Z Files mailto:info@eastrovedica.com?subject=SubscribeZF. His Astro blog is up at http://www.zodiacastrology.blogspot.com & his Philosophy blog is http://transcendentalphilosophy.blogspot.com Mobile 091 9388556053
G Kumar
http://www.articlesbase.com/education-articles/vedic-astrology-vi-62470.html
Is there anywhere online i can get legal advice?
April 29, 2010
Hello, does anyone know of any websites or anything that give free genuine legal advice…
Or im happy to pay a small fee..
There is a yahoo group called Tips and Tricks, they have helped me many times on legal questions. For they know law very well, and can referr you to many other sites, for proof of it.
would anyone having contact with empire earth 3 books.have these rep’s contact my attorney.thank’s?
April 29, 2010
i had been told before my 40+ year rip van winkle sleep cycle.by some lady.if i were to ever need my money.my full legal name was in the empire earth 3 book.this one in paticular she mentioned.as bfore mentioned in my blog.mr,john baker 130 north college av,fayetteville arkansas.is my current leed attorney.including new toy’s and advanced star ship,s in the work’s v;i;a his legal aid end.place him on company payroll automatic bill pay please.thank’s again yahoo’s.
then we may start proceeding’s too adopt homeless poor,and neglected street children here and around the world.surley these realty persons i had mantioned to him could find a40+room mansion or kinzington size house for all my children and one christmas size elf. thanks guys and ladies.we shall research more good star trek questions as the enter prise begins to take shape.here in the heart land.hull and disk section then the rest comes on line automatic.bare with me some of the ships components must be state of the art.i would not send you/and your grand children into space inside a piece of junk.immaculate conception by magick’s devine design.nothing less would i construct for you all.
mexico. the americas.and here many starving kids.soon to become elves.happy and well fed.wearing mall quality clothes just like you/your family.
what?!?!
Tantra Iv
April 29, 2010
Tantra – The Serpentine Ascent Part IV
Self Actualisation is the Goal
Immortality or Self-Actualisation, which is the Ultimate aim of Tantra, is achieved by the aspirant due to Tantric sadhanas. He will not fall into the trap of selfish temptations He will exhibit divine Love, patience and fortitude, the qualities of a perfected Initiate. He will not use his siddhis for selfish ends. He will be ready to redeem the world from its vices and will be Saviour of all mankind
Lo ! steadfast a lamp burns sheltered by the wind
Such is the likeness of the Yogi’s mind
Freed from sense-storms and burning bright to Heaven
When mind broods placid, soothed with holy wont,
When Self contemplates Self and in itself
Hath comfort !
To reach this Ultimate Level, tantric techniques alone are not sufficient. Love of the Supreme and renunciation of the Seven Negative Passions are a must.
Devoid of the Seven Deadly Sins ( Lust, greed, anger, jealousy, sloth, covetousness & attachment), with unflinching affiliation to the Supreme Self, he serves all human beings as his brothers and sisters, by the Law of Love and by the Law of Justice !
His light and life is given to balance here
The dark account of mortal Ignorance !
Astrology is a close affiliate of Tantra. Suppose a person has Jupiter in the 8th. There is no use if he turns to Tantra and becomes an initiate. Such a person should turn to other subjects ! Knowledge of a man’s temparament is given by Astrology as Trikala Jnana ( Knowledge of Past, present and future ) is decreed by Yoga
Astro-Therapy used in Vedic Astrology is essentially Tantric. The images of the planetary energies are propitiated on the days assigned to them. We find that Thursday is ruled by Thor or Jupiter; Saturday by Saturn, Sunday by the Sun etc. If Saturn is the tormentor, Astro Therapy is prescribed for Saturn and remedial measures are prescribed to be done on Saturdays !
More quality information about Vedic Astrology & an Astrological
Analysis can be had from http://www.astrologiavedica.com/html/vedichoroscope.htm
Tantra, Mantra & Yantra
A mantra is defined as that which saves the chanter and that which floats in the mind. The aspirant who chants the mantra is freed from the problems which vex him. The mind moves aw ay from the problem areas and he feels contented and whole. This is the psychological basis of Mantra Yoga. A mantra inscribed on a silver or gold plate is called a talisman or Yantra. It is duly energised by one who is well versed in Tantra by means of Puja ( worship of Deity ). This worship may take 10 to 41 days, depending on the Tantrik expert. Yantras are diagramatic patterns about Manifestation. The Central Dot or the Bindu represents the Absoulte Self and the geometrical figures are Its different levels of manifestation. The circles, the triangles, the rectangles and the lotuses seen in the Yantra represent the energy vortexes in the human body. The Five Great Elements, the seven states of Consciousness, the six Chakras plus the Crown Chakra , all these are symbolised as mathematical figures in the Yantra. The Central Dot is the Self, from which everything emanates !
More quality information about Tantra & Yantras can be had from http://www.astrologiavedica.com/html/yantra.htm
The divine Conscious Force is infinite in Her powers and personalities. The mighty Four are Her manifestations!
She as Time – Kali ( Kalaswaroopini or Time Eternal )
She as Wisdom – Saraswathi
She as Wealth – Lakshmi
She as Valour – Parvathi
Primordial Nature art Thou !
The Universe is merely Thy infinitesimal Part !
The Cause of all the worlds triune
Even to the Trinity Thou art Unknown !
Consort of the Infinite art Thou
The base of the Universe as Maya
All things in the Universe Thou movest
And Self-Actualisation is Thy boon !
Material Prosperity blossoms
Due to Thy Grace !
A regal mansion, subordinates galore
Are all Thy gifts, O Mighty Mother !
Spiritual Progress also
Is effected by Thy Grace !
Progress, worldly and divine
How strange is Thy Grace !
What we see today as Astrology, Gemology, Numerology, Vedic Architecture ( Vastu ),Ayurveda etc are all the gross manifestations of Tantra. This is the most original science of the human race which contains all the primitive mysteries of Science !
More information about Mundane Astrology & Transit Forecast can be had
from http://www.eastrovedica.com/html/transat.htm
All are brethern and all systems are different radii of one circle, designed to lead man from the circumference and the surface of life to the One Central Light, the Self ! Veda – Tantra – Veda – This is the equation. The first Veda refers to book knowledge or knowledge acquired from books. Tantra refers to practical knowlege, how to attain to Transcendence. The third refers to Experiential Knowledge which is the state of the Self. The physical, mental and spiritual levels are all sustained by the One Universal Life. That is why it is called as a Universe. Otherwise it will be called as a Multiverse ! That therapy using Prana is called Pranic Therapy. It is more or less Auric Healing. The disease affected parts of the body will be shown as black spots in Kirlian Photography. What the therapist does is to empower the patient with Prana, which is stored by him as a result of continous mediatation and the dark spots will move away.
More information about Pranic Therapy can be had from http://www.astrologiavedica.com/html/pranicmain.htm
Tantra – The Serpentine Ascent Part IV
Self Actualisation is the Goal
Immortality or Self-Actualisation, which is the Ultimate aim of Tantra, is achieved by the aspirant due to Tantric sadhanas. He will not fall into the trap of selfish temptations He will exhibit divine Love, patience and fortitude, the qualities of a perfected Initiate. He will not use his siddhis for selfish ends. He will be ready to redeem the world from its vices and will be Saviour of all mankind
Lo ! steadfast a lamp burns sheltered by the wind
Such is the likeness of the Yogi’s mind
Freed from sense-storms and burning bright to Heaven
When mind broods placid, soothed with holy wont,
When Self contemplates Self and in itself
Hath comfort !
To reach this Ultimate Level, tantric techniques alone are not sufficient. Love of the Supreme and renunciation of the Seven Negative Passions are a must.
Devoid of the Seven Deadly Sins ( Lust, greed, anger, jealousy, sloth, covetousness & attachment), with unflinching affiliation to the Supreme Self, he serves all human beings as his brothers and sisters, by the Law of Love and by the Law of Justice !
His light and life is given to balance here
The dark account of mortal Ignorance !
Astrology is a close affiliate of Tantra. Suppose a person has Jupiter in the 8th. There is no use if he turns to Tantra and becomes an initiate. Such a person should turn to other subjects ! Knowledge of a man’s temparament is given by Astrology as Trikala Jnana ( Knowledge of Past, present and future ) is decreed by Yoga
Astro-Therapy used in Vedic Astrology is essentially Tantric. The images of the planetary energies are propitiated on the days assigned to them. We find that Thursday is ruled by Thor or Jupiter; Saturday by Saturn, Sunday by the Sun etc. If Saturn is the tormentor, Astro Therapy is prescribed for Saturn and remedial measures are prescribed to be done on Saturdays !
More quality information about Vedic Astrology & an Astrological
Analysis can be had from http://www.astrologiavedica.com/html/vedichoroscope.htm
Tantra, Mantra & Yantra
A mantra is defined as that which saves the chanter and that which floats in the mind. The aspirant who chants the mantra is freed from the problems which vex him. The mind moves aw ay from the problem areas and he feels contented and whole. This is the psychological basis of Mantra Yoga. A mantra inscribed on a silver or gold plate is called a talisman or Yantra. It is duly energised by one who is well versed in Tantra by means of Puja ( worship of Deity ). This worship may take 10 to 41 days, depending on the Tantrik expert. Yantras are diagramatic patterns about Manifestation. The Central Dot or the Bindu represents the Absoulte Self and the geometrical figures are Its different levels of manifestation. The circles, the triangles, the rectangles and the lotuses seen in the Yantra represent the energy vortexes in the human body. The Five Great Elements, the seven states of Consciousness, the six Chakras plus the Crown Chakra , all these are symbolised as mathematical figures in the Yantra. The Central Dot is the Self, from which everything emanates !
More quality information about Tantra & Yantras can be had from http://www.astrologiavedica.com/html/yantra.htm
The divine Conscious Force is infinite in Her powers and personalities. The mighty Four are Her manifestations!
She as Time – Kali ( Kalaswaroopini or Time Eternal )
She as Wisdom – Saraswathi
She as Wealth – Lakshmi
She as Valour – Parvathi
Primordial Nature art Thou !
The Universe is merely Thy infinitesimal Part !
The Cause of all the worlds triune
Even to the Trinity Thou art Unknown !
Consort of the Infinite art Thou
The base of the Universe as Maya
All things in the Universe Thou movest
And Self-Actualisation is Thy boon !
Material Prosperity blossoms
Due to Thy Grace !
A regal mansion, subordinates galore
Are all Thy gifts, O Mighty Mother !
Spiritual Progress also
Is effected by Thy Grace !
Progress, worldly and divine
How strange is Thy Grace !
What we see today as Astrology, Gemology, Numerology, Vedic Architecture ( Vastu ),Ayurveda etc are all the gross manifestations of Tantra. This is the most original science of the human race which contains all the primitive mysteries of Science !
More information about Mundane Astrology & Transit Forecast can be had
from http://www.eastrovedica.com/html/transat.htm
All are brethern and all systems are different radii of one circle, designed to lead man from the circumference and the surface of life to the One Central Light, the Self ! Veda – Tantra – Veda – This is the equation. The first Veda refers to book knowledge or knowledge acquired from books. Tantra refers to practical knowlege, how to attain to Transcendence. The third refers to Experiential Knowledge which is the state of the Self. The physical, mental and spiritual levels are all sustained by the One Universal Life. That is why it is called as a Universe. Otherwise it will be called as a Multiverse ! That therapy using Prana is called Pranic Therapy. It is more or less Auric Healing. The disease affected parts of the body will be shown as black spots in Kirlian Photography. What the therapist does is to empower the patient with Prana, which is stored by him as a result of continous mediatation and the dark spots will move away.
More information about Pranic Therapy can be had from http://www.astrologiavedica.com/html/pranicmain.htm
Article by G Kumar, astrologer, writer and programmer of http://www.eastrovedica.com. . Highly experienced with many correct predictions to his credit, he does professional natal charts http://www.astrologiavedica.com/html/vedichoroscope.htm To subscribe to his Free highly informative ezine, Z Files,click here.mailto:info@eastrovedica.com?subject=subscribeZF An integrator of East & West, his Astro blog is up at http://zodiacastrology.blogspot.com & his Philosophy blog at http://transcendentalphilosophy.blogspot.com
G Kumar
http://www.articlesbase.com/education-articles/tantra-iv-62247.html
Legal Advice – Business Law – starting a new business – Trust Factor Show
April 28, 2010
Legal Advice in Business Law from the Trust Factor Show. Starting a new business, agreements, disputes, legal fees, setting up the business agreement. How to set up a new business how to concuct business with a partner.
Duration : 0:1:59
Florida Mesothelioma Lawyers Steinger, Iscoe & Greene[e-mesothelioma.info]
April 28, 2010
Most Informative mesothelioma tumor related Mesothelioma wiki resource and mesothelioma blog,Which includes all articles and advice for mesothelioma cancer, mesothelioma clinical signs ,mesothelioma attorneys,mesothelioma lawyers ,mesothelioma lawsuite etc.
http://e-mesothelioma.info/
Duration : 0:1:51
Lou Dobbs:Major Public Concerns Of Martial Law In The U.S. Army gearing up 20000 in USA!
April 28, 2010
This is no conspiracy theory.
http://operation13-9.ning.com/ We are Project Revelation 13:9 and we are many! Wake Up! Take a stand against the NWO!
UNITE! LOVE! SURVIVE! Get informed and prepared. PLEASE GO TO THIS WEBSITE AND JOIN UP AND READ SCRIPTURE ABOUT THIS FLEE TO THE WILDERNESS BEING GOD’S CALL TO US! Meet and chat with others of like mind on this worldwide social network and find a secret camp near you (security screening is required). End-times, NWO, and secret places all over to go and unite with others. No worries. If you own land in the wilderness, this should be your call to action! Contact us. We are interested! FaceofGod2 (YouTube) ALSO OUR BLOG SPOT – http://op13fightandunite.blogspot.com/
Duration : 0:8:20
Legal Liability Relevant to Study Abroad
April 28, 2010
006, Dr. Sandi M. Smith, Director of Institutional Relations, Global Learning Semesters, Inc.
Legal liability is often used as a weapon to guard off the timid or defend the brave. However, many staff and faculty involved in study abroad programs do not have a notion of what legal liability is and how it should guide the design and maintenance of every study abroad program.
The following article is a layman’s introduction to complicated legal principles and precedence related to the administration of study abroad programs. Clearly, it is necessary to deliver a disclaimer… the information herein is not intended to substitute for competent legal representation. The following description of legal liability is for informational purposes only. The concepts discussed here can be helpful in guiding questions for your institutional and personal legal counsel.
Liability as a legal doctrine makes a person responsible for the damage and loss caused by his/her acts and omissions regardless of culpability (culpability is a measure of the degree to which a person can be held morally or legally responsible). However, for breach of contract or a tort, culpability may increase the measure of damages payable to compensate the plaintiff.
Sources of Liability
It does not matter our legal vocabulary and understanding, liability is something in which we are all obligated. Based on various established legal theories and precedence, duties and responsibilities are imposed on us and can carry an obligation of compliance.
The four main categories of legal liability relevant to the administration of study abroad are:
- tort law
- contract law
- criminal law
- federal law
- immunities
- professional regulation
Tort Law
Strict liability often applies to those engaged in hazardous or inherently dangerous ventures. The law imputes strict liability to situations it considers to be inherently dangerous. It discourages reckless behavior and needless loss by forcing potential defendants to take every possible precaution. It also has the effect of simplifying litigation and allowing the victim to become whole more quickly. According to strict liability, the plaintiff needs to prove only that the tort happened and that the defendant was responsible. Neither good faith, nor the fact that the defendant took all possible precautions are, valid defenses.
Tort law is focused on negligence for which damages may be awarded. Common tort liability is commonly measured by this question:
“Would a reasonable person have known or should have foreseen the risk or harm?”
To prove negligence, the injured party must prove,
1) the existence of a duty which the offender did not meet, and
2) that the effect of that specific failure resulted in injury to the plaintiff.
A few of the “duties” relevant to study abroad administration are:
Special relationship
In loco parentis is practiced to different levels at different types of campuses. For example, a church-related institution with strict behavioral codes invokes a higher standard of in loco parentis than a state-funded university. Yet, most institutions do not assume the responsibility of in loco parentis. However, it is commonly accepted among international educators that we are held to the expectations of “special relationship”, in which a duty of care is imposed because of special circumstances. Because there are more unknown factors involved in an international experience, there is a relative dependence of the student on the sponsoring institution. Thus, educators and administrators familiar with the expectation of treating college students as adults, must re-evaluate so me responsibilities when related to international programs.
Landlord relationship
Legal duties may be assumed of the property on which international programs are conducted. Although the program sponsor may not be the owner of the facilities, and it is not reasonable to expect that foreign landlords have the same standards as we do for students in the U.S., the sponsor assumes the duty to ensure reasonable standards. This includes duty to maintain the premises, provide adequate security, and warn of potential hazards.
Reasonable person standard
It is fair to assume that the courts will look to impose liability where sponsors/institutions, have not been prudent or demonstrated good faith in the care of those with whom they serve. However, the fundamental precept of negligence that the law will look to determine is “what a reasonable person under the circumstances would have done.”
Contract liability
Contractual understandings that may be written or oral. Unlike tort liability, contract liability is not imposed according to a duty, nor on the basis of what a reasonable person would do. Rather it is clearly an issue of “what does the contract say?” Thus, parties can control liability according to the agreement they come to. Obviously a written contract can be proven more substantially than a verbal contract. And reliance on a verbal promises outside of a written contract are not usually admissible.
Printed/media informational materials
Contracts can be created outside of a signed document. Colleges and universities have been found to be liable for representations in catalogues and other printed materials. Thus, pamphlets, flyers, brochures, letters and even websites are enforceable.
Signed agreements and contracts
Obvious reliance is placed on signed contracts and agreements. Weather it be pre-approval of transfer of credit or contracts for bus transportation, these contracts are meant to protect both parties. The more precise the terms of a contract, the m ore common understanding exists between parties. Most institutions have rules about who has the authority to sign contracts. Thus, when developing forms related to international study, it is important to have legal counsel and senior administration decide who has authority over specific types of signed agreements. Similarly, many institutions have policies and procedures about procurement contracts and thus, if an international program needs to sign contracts for transportation, housing, insurance, etc. there should be institutional policies for vetting and authorizing these contracts.
Federal Law
Federal law, in most cases, does not reach outside the U.S. Thus, returning to the special relationship precept,, international programs may technically be liable for maintaining standards of U.S. Federal Law as much as is reasonable. Furthermore, international programs will be under jurisdiction of the Laws of the host country. Some of the federal laws that have relevance to international programs are:
- civil rights
- FERPA
- Campus Security Act
- Drug Free Schools Act
Criminal Law
Obviously, those participating in and administering study abroad programs are subject to criminal law. The most important factor to realize with criminal law is that participants and administrators are subject to local and national law in the U.S. and ALSO subject to criminal laws of the host country and any country visited along the way. The U.S. Embassy in foreign countries is a good source or information for understanding relevant host country laws. OSAC, Overseas Security Advisory Council provides relevant information at: http://www.osac.gov/. Legal protections in the U.S. are not applicable to foreign countries. And the “I did not know” defense will not protect you. Some of the criminal laws relevant to study abroad are:
- vandalism
- assault and battery
- murder
- robbery
- drugs and alcohol
- political speech
- vehicle operations
Immunities
Immunity from prosecution is offered to those employed by a public institution and may apply to certain circumstances within the responsibilities of an international program. Sovereign Immunity established by the Eleventh Amendment of the U.S. Constitution basically bars suit in federal court against entries or agents acting in an official state capacity. However, this does not absolve institutions and employees of prosecution for negligence.
Program Sponsorship
It is commonly referred to as “deferred risk” when turning over students to a third-party program provider. Many institutions, realizing that they do not have the staff and resources to provide the best standard of care and expertise to study abroad programs have wisely deferred the risk of liability to a program sponsor. A deferred program sponsor may be another U.S. college or university operating international programs or an independent study abroad organization. Entering into an exchange agreement or direct enrollment agreement with a host institution does no defer risk of liability.
Legal principles for managing study abroad programs are similar to the standards used at home. Institutions are expected to “understand the nature of the program activity so that the educational benefits can be measured against the risk of harm.” (Weeks, pg. 3) Program sponsorship should be reserved for those with expertise to provide the expected duty of care, including:
- faculty and administrators should possess adequate expertise in the site location (language, culture, laws, social standards, political status, geographic and climatic issues, crime and safety, emergency resources),
- the distinct components of a program should be clearly articulated and assigned to responsible staff (faculty may be experts on the language or academic content, but not adequately trained to respond to student conduct issues, or housing safety, or emergency response),
- responsible staff are sufficiently trained and accountable for the performance of their assigned duties,
- adherence to safety standards when structuring the program, negotiating contracts, and facilitating student interactions,
- responsiveness to incidents and emergencies
Another function of program sponsorship is eminent domain. What laws and jurisdiction apply to any prosecution that might occur?
Program Structure/Risk Management
Offering a course at an international location does not inherently create a higher risk. However, there are risks inherent to some international locations, and obviously to inexperienced travelers. Studying in a classroom or library in London is not inherently more risky than in the U.S., and filed experiences in archeology will inherently have more risk in the U.S. or abroad than studying in the library. Program structure and risk management should take into consideration some of the factors that do make study in another country more risky including:
- language
- laws and cultural customs related to alcohol consumption
- traffic patterns and laws
- social customs and interactions
- safety standards of buildings, walkways, vehicles
- public health and safety
- travel-related and site-specific high risk activities
Resources:
Association of Safe International Road Travel: http://www.asirt.org.
Consular Information Sheets: http://trave.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1765.html
NAFSA Responsible Study Abroad:
http://www.nafsa.org/knowledge_community_network.sec/education_abroad_1/education_abroad2/practice_resources_12/health_safety/guidlines_for_health
SAFETI Clearinghouse: http://www.globaled.us/safeti/
IES Map: http://www.iesabroad.org/iesMap.do
U.S. State Dept. Travel Resources: http://www.state.gov/travelandbusiness/
Worldworx Travel Safety: http://wwww.worldworx.tv/safety/
Duty to Advise
A serious responsibility of any college or university is the function of academic advisement. More resources are being assigned to student advisement whether through faculty advisors and/or professionally trained advisors. With this increased recognition of a duty to advise, it is expected that colleges must provide the same level of informed and thorough advisement and orientation for students selecting international programs. The duty to advise encompasses choosing a program, academic structure, host country, eligibility requirements, cost, application procedures and deadlines, pre-departure orientation, conduct expectations, waiver of rights, credit transfer, financial aid, transition adjustment, and more.
Disclosure of known risks is expected. A duty of care includes:
- known or expected political, social, terrorist risk
- assessment of crime
- road, traffic and vehicle conditions
- health risks
- cultural and legal differences
- independent travel
- past incidents of students and staff
- local informants
- encourage questions and provide responses
Student Misconduct
The duty to advise must clearly cover behavior and conduct expectations of students. Depending on program sponsorship, a student should know if he/she is accountable to home-campus conduct and disciplinary standards, or does the sponsoring agency supplant home-campus policies?
Furthermore, it must be clear as to the expectations for “off-campus” conduct while participating on an international program. What is considered “off-campus” while on a program abroad: is the program housing off-campus, are group meals considered off-campus, and is weekend travel considered off-campus? An example of a U.S. campus issue is alcohol consumption in the students’ residence. Some campus residences may have rules prohibiting alcohol consumption, yet public institutions would not expect to prohibit alcohol consumption in off-campus apartments (some private institutions do have general alcohol consumption policies and attempt to prohibit it at any time on and off campus). Thus, is sponsor-provided housing on an international program considered on or off-campus?
Due process is another issue that is sometimes blurred on a Study Abroad program. It is fairly uncommon to have qualified staff to investigate student misconduct allegations, and provide due process that is expected on the home campus. Thus, it must be clearly stated that students will either waive due process or experience an abbreviated version of due process in academic and/or conduct issues while abroad.
Students should also be informed if they will face home-campus disciplinary sanctions for conduct infractions while aboard. If there are exceptions to home-campus conduct (particularly drinking age), students should understand the policies as they apply to study abroad.
Students should be informed that they are subject to local and host country laws and should not assume that those laws are the same as U.S. laws (especially regarding public intoxication, traffic offenses, drug possession, use and sales, and sexual misconduct).
Federal Statues
The following federal statues can be applies to education abroad:
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it unlawful to discriminate in employment based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it unlawful for programs that receive federal funding to discriminate based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Title IX of the Education Amendment of 1972 make it unlawful for programs that receive federal funding to discriminate on the basis of sex.
Age discrimination in Employment Act of 1984 makes it unlawful to discriminate in employment based on age.
Campus Security Act of 1990 (Clery Act) does not contain any clear indication that it is intended to apply outside the U.S. boundaries, unless specifically a branch campus. However, in the duty to advise, it is expected that institution swill maintain data on incidents and disclose as appropriate.
Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Amendments of 1989 are tied to federal funding. So the argument can be made that if any federal financial aid might be used for a program, it is required that the same requirements apply.
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA or Buckley Amendment) It is not possible to dictate the policies and procedures of foreign institutions, however, it is necessary to understand the foreign institution’s policies and procedures. FERPA standards of care in confidentiality management should be taken by U.S. representatives.
Rehabilitation Act and Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is not intended for overseas institutions, however, most colleges continue to serve students where reasonable accommodations can be made. And some foreign host institutions now apply a similar standard of care in making reasonable accommodations for students and employees with disabilities.
Crisis Management
Every campus is expected to have a crisis response plan, and thus has an outline and structure that can be translated to overseas programs. It is reasonable to expect that any institution sponsoring international activities will make proactive efforts in crisis management and response planning.
Summary
Legal liability is created by the violation of duties imposed by the 1) common law, 2) statutory law (state and federal), and 3) contract law. And despite the complexities of the law there are some fundamental precepts that can protect an institution involved in study abroad:
1. assume there is a duty to act reasonably and foresee and limit the exposure to risks which are known or should be known, and act accordingly.
2. make certain that all substantive aspects of programs are fully described in writing and that program participants receive, and understand all of the materials.
3. prepare and use an assumption of risk document appropriately.
4. ensure that all participants possess adequate insurance for every reasonable contingency.
(Weeks, pg 67)
This document is a summary of legal liability related to study abroad programming. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
Sources
Kaplan, William A. 1990. The Law of Higher Education. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Weeks, Kent M. 1999. Managing Liability and Overseas Programs. College Legal Information, Inc. Nashville, TN.
Dr. Sandi M. Smith
http://www.articlesbase.com/international-studies-articles/legal-liability-relevant-to-study-abroad-736032.html
Vedic Astrology Lesson 1
April 28, 2010
Vedic Astrology – Historical Perspective & Uses – Lesson 1
An Introduction
Vedic Astrology, the Science of Time, the Eye of Wisdom and the foremost among the branches of knowledge has come to us from 18 seers. While Varaha Mihira is hailed as the Father of Indian Astrology, Parashara is hailed as the Father of Indian Predictive Astrology. IndianAstro-Physics is divided into 3 major portions – Siddhanta (Astronomy ), Samhita ( Astro-Philosophy ) & Hora ( Astrology ).
The English word ” hour” is derived from the Sanskrit word Hora.
The Precession of the Equinoxes
While the Western astronomers compute everything from 0 degree Aries which is the beginning of the Tropical Zodiac, the Indian astronomers compute everything from 0 degrees Aswathi ( Beta Arietis ) , which is the beginning of the Sidereal Zodiac. Sidereal is derived from the Latin word “Sidereus” meaning the constellation of fixed stars. The Vernal Equinoctial Point was found to precede one degree in 72 years and hence 360*72 = 25920 years was fixed as the Precession of the Equinoxes or the Precessional Cycle.
Flamsteed anticipated
Long before Flamsteed fixed the beginning of Zodiac at 0 degree Aries, the Indian astronomer Brahmagupta fixed it at 0 degree Aswini ( Beta Arietis ). Another great astronomer-mathematician Aryabhata wrote treatises on Spherical Astronomy and Spherical Trignometry in his magnum opus Aryabhateeyam. It is said that Arabs acquired a knowledge of maths and astronomy only after Brahmagupta’s Brahmasphutasiddhanta was translated into Arabic ( As Sind Hind )! Albert Einstein rightly remarked ” We owe a lot to the Indians who taught us how to count without which no worthwhile discovery could have been made ” ! The Difference between the Tropical ( Western ) & The Sidereal ( Indian ) Zodiacs is round about 23 degrees this year. Sidereal Astrology is based on the immovable Zodiac- the Sidereal Zodiac – and Western Tropical Astrology is based on the Tropical Zodiac which is movable.
The Philosophic Aspect
As the destructive power is imbedded in the atom, so are the acts of preservation, creation and destruction invested in the womb of Almighty Time. Time Eternal alone is the Creator, Preserver and Destroyer. Past,Present & Future are imbedded in the womb of Time Eternal and a knower of Time can get an insight into Past, Present & Future. The Present is a product of the Past. Future is contained in the Present inasmuch as it is determined by the Present. The Lord equates Himself with the cosmic phenomenon of Time. ” I am Time Eternal ” declares He in the the Geetha ( “Kalosmi ” ). Oppenheimer, the Father of the Atom Bomb quoted this verse from the Geetha when saw the first atomic explosion. To him, the destructive power of the atom was a mere manifestation of the destructive power of Time Eternal!
Uses of Astrology
The Practical Aspect
The great French mathematician Laplace advocated Probability as a weapon to cope up with Reality. Astrology is the application of the Law of Probability in toto, based on astronomical facts. Our life is hindered by many an obstacle & we are busy battling the barriers to Success. These barriers are always there, some known, some unknown. But via the Wisdom of the Heavens (Astrology ) these barriers can be known, why it is there and what are the heavenly causes which generated it. Everything happens by Cause. Classical Philosophy postulates that natural causes have corresponding celestial causes and this is known as the Law of Correspondences. This message is contained in the aphorism ” As above, so Below “. Once the causes are known to us from a bona fide astrologer, overcoming the barriers becomes easy.
The scientist manipulates the effect: the diviner or the poet manipulates the Cause. Astrology and Yoga are sciences which deal with the Cause. The Divine is the Transcendant Causeless Cause.Astrology has been described as a Lamp in Darkness. Without it, life becomes a lightless nightmare and we roam about groping in the dark. “Forewarned is Forearmed “. It is the negative aspects of the planets which create all the barriers in our life. Once they are known, by means of the Great Art we can transcend its negativity. Life becomes more smooth sailing and success becomes ours.
The New Age Movement
New Age – A Paradigm Shift to Divine Consciousness & a Universal Philosophy
The New Age Movement (NAM) is a revival of spiritual and divine values and can be called as a Divine Regeneration Movement. New Age Philosophy has conquered the West intellectually and Western culture is currently experiencing a phenomenal shift – sociological, spiritual & ideological. It’s a secular, multi-cultural, multi-religious synthesis, of the Oriental mystical philosophies, mainly Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism & Western Occultism, emphasising Holism, the doctrine that Reality is organically One ( now taught in American Universities after Einstein’s Theory of Relativity ).
Behind the evolution of the species, there is an evolution of Consciousness. The aim of Life is Self-Actualisation, to evolve to the level of Unity Consciousness, defined as the 7th state of Consciousness in Transcendental Philosophy.
The social disturbance caused by the Vietnam War, the threat posed by AIDS, the disillusionment with materialistic ideas and the erosion of faith in Morality & Ethics brought a sense of futility & meaninglessness in the Western psyche.The limitations of the Western system of Chemotherapy & adverse side-effects of antibiotics, sedatives and certain other drugs and the disillusionment with the promises of science & technology made millions turn to Oriental philosophies, occult practices & systems of therapy.( Interest in Alternative Medicine developed to such an extent that there are now more than 180 systems of Alternative Medicine.
Exponents of New Age Philosophy in Europe and America include Transcendentalists like Thoreau, Emerson & Walt Whitman, Wordsworth, Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), , & Theosophy introduced by Madame Helena Blavatsky (1831- 1891) & Col Olcott & the philosopher, Annie Besant. As the world witnessed a Consciousness Revolution, Transcendental Meditation, Yoga ,Zen, Carlos Castañada, the Beatles, Holistic Medicine ( both Western and Ayurveda ), Tantra, Astrology ( both Western & Vedic ) all became popular .
There are 6 million New Age sites on the Web and the NAM consists of a massive & well organised network consisting of thousands of groups, trusts, foundations, clubs, lodges, and spiritual groups whose goal and purpose is to prepare the world to enter the coming Aquarian Age. ( The Age of Aquarius ). In astrological symbolism, Aquarius represents Spirituality and Pisces Rationality. The Piscean Age, an age of Computer and Cybernetics revolution, will be followed by an Age of Consciousness Revolution or a Spiritual Revolution, the Aquarian Age.
Some New Age Organisations are : California New Age Caucus, New World Alliance, World Goodwill, The Church Universal and Triumphant, The Theosophical Society, Amnesty International, Zero Population Growth, the Forum, Planetary Initiative for the World We Choose, the Club of Rome, Church Universal & Triumphant, Christian Science, and the Unity School of Christianity.
New Age believes in the essential goodness of Man and the Divine Spark in Man and the New Age movement is not a unified cult system of beliefs and practices, even though its roots derive from Vedic Philosophy. There is no central authority, no official leader, no headquarters, nor membership list, but instead is a network of groups working toward World Peace and Universal Love. There are millions of worldwide followers of various New Age practices and the world is moving from Chaos ( Disorder ) to Cosmos ( Order ) ! This is a Phase Transition from Entropy ( Disorder ) to Order !
Significant influence has been gained by NAM affecting almost every area of Occidental culture—Sociology, Psychology, Medicine, the Government, Ecology, Science, Arts, Education, the Business Community, the media, entertainment, sports, and even the Church. Organised spiritual forms such as Christian Science, Unity and even forms of Witchcraft ( from the German ‘ Wicca’ meaning the Wise; Witchcraft means the Craft of the Wise ) are all its expressions. Various Human Potential Seminars, Transcendental Meditation, Zen Meditation and some Alternative Holistic Medicine practices are also its manifold manifestations.
Some popular New Age publications and journals are New Age Journal, the Z Files, Clarity, Body Mind Spirit, Yoga Journal, Gnosis, East West, Noetic Sciences, the Millenium Being and Omega. The new tendency of people now is to view everything from a New Age perspective
The major goal of the New Age Movement is to prepare Man for entering the Aquarian Age and to bring world peace in an already bruised world. “All is wrong with the world” said Shaw & some of the other goals of the NAM are to establish an entirely New World Order in the fields of Economy & Government. The idea of a World Government was proposed by Bernard Shaw earlier and was implemented by Mahesh Yogi and occurs in the writings of the foundational apostle of the New Age Movement, Alice Bailey.
The word ‘Initiation” is derived from the Latin “In ire” to go within and Initiates were termed by the Great Master as the salt of the Earth. The mystic Ward defined Reality as “Within and within and within and within” . Another mystic described it as “It is hidden, it is hidden and it is hidden”. To the mystic, self evolution is the means and only by changing and correcting ourselves can we change others . The primary goals of the movement then, are to prepare the world to receive the Divine Consciousness and to enter the Age of Aquarius, thus establishing the New World Order.
New Age Philosophy believes that human evolution can be accelerated, if not in the entire mass of humanity, at least in suitable individuals. Human nature is perfectible, through an intensive process of purification and Initiation.
The New Age Movement is secular & universally diffused over the earth’s surface & its basic underlying philosophy emphasises Gnosticism and Occultism. (Gnosticism is an ancient philosophy stating that Divine essence is the highest reality, and that the Self of man is actually this Essence. Behind the phenomenal world is the Transcendent Reality which Intuition alone can see ). It bears a remarkable resemblance to the Universal Religion that H.G. Wells predicted would one day take over the world.
The six main characteristics of New Age thinking are: (1) All is Unity; (2) All is Divine (3) Humanity is divine (4) A change in Consciousness; (5) All religions are One; and (6) Cosmic Evolutionary optimism.
Basically Dialectical Integralism, New Age Philosophy unites both Matter and Spirit.
Spirit shall see through Matter’s gaze
Matter shall reveal the Spirit’s face !
The 13 main principles of New Age Philosophy are:
(1) One Global Order – One World Governement, One Currency, One Universal Being.
(2) Universal Energy, Universal Matter, Universal Life, Universal Soul As God
(3) An Eternal Universe – Uniform in Space and Unending in Time
(4) Divine practices ( Astrology Yoga & other esoteric arts)
(5) Syncretism ( Unity of all Religions ).
(6) The need for Meditation ( for generating altered states of Consciousness );
(7) Life is Cyclical- Everything is cyclical, subject to the cyclical upheavals of Time.
(8) Holistic Medicine & Vegetarianism (The patient is more important than the Doctor & Alkaline diet)
(9) Pacifism ( Anti-war activities);
(10) Reincarnation; ( The Law of Conservation of Soul )
(11) The Evolution of Man into Divinity; ( The latent Life Force evolving naturally to the Divine )
(12) The Union of Man with the Divine; ( Merger of man into the Infinite )
(13) Matter’s Illusoriness; – Esse est percipii – Perception is Essence; Mind is Substance.
The practices of the New Age are psychic practices like : Astrology, Reiki, Bioenergy, Chi energy, Chakras, Nirvana, Christ- Consciousness,Spiritualism, Native American Spirituality, Prajna, Out-of-body/near- death experiences, Reincarnation, Yoga, Meditation and the occult disciplines, as well as psychotherapeutic techniques and scientific applications of the healing powers of crystals and pyramids.
Some commonly used New Age terms are: Quantum Healing, Transmutation, Transfiguration, Guided Imagery, Reincarnation; Positive Thinking; Human Potential; Holistic; Holographic; Synergistic; Unity; Oneness; Transformation; Awakening; Networking; Communal Sharing; One-world/globalism/new world order (i.e., One language, One Government, One currency, One religion); Cosmic Consciousness; Zodiac, etc.
Some New Age practices are: Transcendental Meditation, Parapsychology, Inner healing; Biofeedback; Yoga; I Ching; Reflexology; Therapeutic Touch; Transpersonal Psychology; Witchcraft; ; Magick; Tai Chi; Shamanism; Hypnotherapy; Acupuncture/Acupressure; Martial arts; Zen; Relaxation; Silva Method (formerly Silva Mind Control); Visualization; etc.
Some prominent New Agers are: Jeremy Rifkin, Norman Cousins, Elizabeth Clare Prophet, John Denver, George Lucas, Norman Lear, Alice Bailey, Alvin Toffler, Dr. Barbara Ray, Benjamin Creme, Levi Dowling, George Trevelyan, Fritjof Capra, Abraham Maslow, Barbara Marx Hubbard, Ruth Montgomery, Shirley MacLaine, J.Z. Knight, Marilyn Ferguson and David Spangler.
Soothing audio environments are created by New Age musicians and they believe rightly that Music has psycho-therapeutic properties. ( This concept is derived from the Vedic Philosophy that All music is Samaveda, the 4th Veda of the Indians ). Born of an interest in spirituality and healing in the late 1970s, it is often used as an aid in meditation.
Essentially meditative, New Age Music is soothing to the Soul. Isnt Music defined as the food for the Soul ? Harmonic consonance, uplifting themes, contemplative melodies & nonlinear song forms are the characteristics of New Age music. Even natural sounds or sounds from Nature and traditional electronic instruments are used by New Age musicians. With roots in classical music or Eastern Music, New Age music is often meditative. Prominent New Age musicians include vocalist Liz Story; harpist Andreas Vollenweider, electric violinist Jean-Luc Ponty , electronic-music pioneer Brian Eno, multi-instrumentalist Kitaro & solo-piano artist George Winston.
New Age practices have almost conquered the world. Athletes are using guided imagery. Graduate schools of business are invoking T M, Yoga, and Tarot cards in teaching courses on creativity in business (e.g., Stanford Graduate School of Business). Based upon Astrology, the Science of Time, stock market gurus employ Fibonacci numbers and “Wave Theory” in their forecasting.
We can summarise that the term New Age is an innovative term derived from the mother of all sciences, Astrology, indicating that this earth is undergoing an evolutionary transitional phase from the Piscean Age of Scientism to the Aquarian Age of Divine Wisdome, Cosmic Consciousness , Knowledge and Love.
Since the New Age is a conglomeration of spiritual practices, let us analyse the basic principles of N A M
1. The Divine Source of Authority. New Agers do not claim any source of authority—Only Inspiration by the Divine. By the Divine we mean a principle within, the Divine Spark or the Self and many are there who receive the revealations of the Self within or the intuitive insights of the Self.
2. The Lord. – Since Matter and Energy can neither be created or destroyed and the sum total energy in the Universe is an absolute constant ( Universal Being ), the Lord did not create the world, He became the world. Monism—( “All is Unity” ) averrs that there is only One Essence in the universe, everyone and everything being a part of that essence. The Self is an utter Being and all these are its Becomings. New Agers view God as an Impersonal Life force, Consciousness, or Energy (e.g., the “Star Wars Force”) mainly but they also believe in His personal aspect, as the Ocean ( which is Formless ) can take the form of an iceberg! They averr that every human has a divine spark within him because all created beings are reflections of the Divine Idea. The eternal state is called by various terms among different New Age groups, i.e., God-consciousness, Universal Love, Self-Realization, the I AM, Higher Self, Brahman, Nirvana, etc.
2. The Redeemer, Jesus Christ. Christ Consciousness or the Divine Consciousness is what the New Age advocates mean by Christ. . In other words, Christ is a Divine Principle rather than an individual, such as Jesus. This idea of Christ Consciousness asserts that Jesus was only one of the Christs, but that He equipped Himself to receive the Christ Consciousness (i.e., He was a great Master who attained Christ Consciousness), as did other prophets like Buddha, Krishna, and Mohammed. New Agers believe Dr Paul Brunton who stated the Jesus spent 18 years in India absorbing Indian Mysticism and that he was initiated into the highest esoteric doctrine.
3. Human Destiny. Man is the measure of all things and is more divine than the animals & hence the salvation of the world depends upon Man. Cleansing the negative elements from the collective subconscient should be the aim of humanity. Once Negativity is cleaned from the collective subconscient, the human positive energy will shine forth and the noble ideals of the New Age will be actualised in an era of Enlightenment. Since man is intrinsically divine and perfect, his only real problem is ignorance of that fact. Gnosis means experiential knowledge and Salvation in the New Age is for man to become enlightened through this Divine Gnosis. New Age groups offer various spiritual techniques to enable individuals, and ultimately the world, to evolve into this Unitive Consciousness . These techniques may include psychotechnologies for attaining altered states of consciousness – Transcendental Meditation, Yoga, Zen, Attunement , Channeling (Spirit guides), Psychics, Acupuncture, etc.
4. The Ethical Opposites, Good & Evil – Believing in the Oriental philosophies, New Agers make the distinction between good and evil. All wickedness is weakness and Evil is imperfection. By the method of Trial and Error, we come to know what is good and what is bad for the world and we have to transcend the dualities.
5. Reincarnation. New Agers believe in the ancient Vedic philosophic concept of Reincarnation—that through a long process of rebirths, man can eventually attain Divine perfection. They also teach the Universal Law of Karma -(( The Law of Cause and Effect ( Every effect has a cause ), the Law of Action and Reaction, the Law of Retribution )) that what a person sows , he shall reap. This is also the doctrine of God’s non-responsibility, that the Self is not responsible and it is the Ego which experiences bitter & sweet mental experiences due to its own Karma.
6.Salvation is Self-Actualisation and Sin is Ignorance – SSome theoreticians taught the concept of Man’s Original Sin. New Age exponents teach the concept of man’s essential goodness. Instead of systems which emphasised the human negative aspect and sin, New Age highlights that every man is essentially divine and it is a sin to call man a sinner ! However, New Agers speak of troublesome desires which are natural impulses which retard human evolution and make the Ego move away from the Self. Sin is merely ignorance of man’s essential divinity. The atrophied spiritual consciousness of the normal man who lives in ignorance of his Divine Self is Sin. Like the Law of Conservation of Energy which states that Energy cannot be created or destroyed, the Law of Conservation of Soul states that the Soul can neither be created nor destroyed. Matter exists in 3 states, liquid, gaseous and solid and matter cannot be created or destroyed. Nothing ever begins to be. Similarly Life does not at physical birth begin to be. It merely enters physical conditions and assumes physical guise. It merely undergoes a parallel transformation into conditions which preexisted in other conditions. The Soul is reincarnated in different bodies in a continous succession of lives. The good or bad Karma earned in the present lifetime determines one’s subsequent incarnation. Attaining higher states of Consciousness should be our aim.There are many different paths to the goal of Divine perfection and we should be tolerant of other paths.
The divine Aurobindo predicted that spiritual influences from India will trigger off a global spiritual movement.There will be Mass Incarnations ( many people divinely inspired ) who will work for World Peace and Universal Love !
I saw them cross the twilight of the Age
The massive barrier breakers of this world
The sun-eyed children of a marvellous dawn
The architects of immortality
Carrying the magic Word, the mystic Fire
Carrying the Dionysian Cup of Joy !
The four systems of Philosophy which triggered the N A M are Hinduism, a product of 5,000 years of development, Buddhism, circa 560 B.C., Taoism, circa 500 B.C & Druidism, circa 300 B.C, the religion of the Celts, which extended upto the Middle Ages.
Article by G Kumar, Astrologer, writer & programmer of www.eastrovedica.com. Recently he was awarded a Certificate by the Planetary Gemologists Association Global ( www.p-g-a.org ) as a Planetary Gem Advisor. He has 25 years psychic research experience in the esoteric arts. To subscribe to his free informative Ezine, the Z Files mailto:info@eastrovedica.com?subject=SubscribeZF. His blog is up at http://www.zodiacastrology.blogspot.com Mobile 091 9388556053
G Kumar
http://www.articlesbase.com/self-help-articles/vedic-astrology-lesson-1-61386.html